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␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βSynthesis of Large Programs␈↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α:␈↓αBEINGS␈↓␈↓ 
Y␈↓βDoug Lenat␈↓


␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓↓APPENDIX 1. ␈↓   ␈↓αBEING PARTS␈↓




␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βIDEN␈α# ␈↓␈α# How␈α# is␈α$ this␈α# BEING␈α# referenced␈α# in␈α$ English␈α# sentences?
␈↓ α,␈↓Implemented␈α≡ as␈α≡ productions,␈α≡ whose␈α≡ left␈α≡sides␈α≡may␈α≡make␈α≡arbitrarily
␈↓ α,␈↓complex␈α≠examinations␈α≠of␈α≠the␈α≤world,␈α≠and␈α≠whose␈α≠right␈α≠ sides␈α≤ may␈α≠ order
␈↓ α,␈↓arbitrarily complex side effects before returning a value.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βARGS␈α⊃␈↓␈α⊂How␈α⊃many?␈α⊂  Which␈α⊃are␈α⊂required␈α⊃and␈α⊂which␈α⊃are␈α⊂optional?␈α⊃What␈α⊂variables
␈↓ α,␈↓must␈α⊃remain␈α∩local␈α⊃to␈α∩this␈α⊃BEING?␈α∩  Which␈α⊃ global␈α∩ variables␈α⊃are␈α∩accessed␈α⊃by
␈↓ α,␈↓some part of this BEING?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βARG-CHECK␈α'  ␈↓␈α'  Predicates␈α(  which␈α'  examine␈α'  each␈α( argument␈α' for
␈↓ α,␈↓suitability.␈α_This␈α_could␈α_include␈α_whether␈α_defined,␈α_ whether␈α_ numerical,␈α_or
␈↓ α,␈↓something␈α↔ more␈α↔ complex␈α⊗ (e.g.,␈α↔ is␈α↔it␈α⊗the␈α↔name␈α↔of␈α⊗a␈α↔BEING␈α↔whose␈α⊗DATA-
␈↓ α,␈↓STRUCTURE part requires it be initialized to a non-null value?)

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βEVAL-ARGS␈α⊃␈↓␈α∩Is␈α⊃the␈α⊃program␈α∩an␈α⊃ NLAMBDA?␈α⊃ Is␈α∩ the␈α⊃ code␈α⊃ it␈α∩ writes␈α⊃NLAMBDA?
␈↓ α,␈↓If  so,  which  arguments (if any) should be evaluated upon entry?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βWHAT␈α_␈↓␈α_A␈α_brief␈α_summary␈α_of␈α_the␈α_global␈α_purpose␈α_of␈α_the␈α_BEING.␈α_   This␈α↔is
␈↓ α,␈↓usually␈α$ a␈α# template␈α$ for␈α# an␈α$ English␈α# sentence,␈α$more␈α$useful␈α#for
␈↓ α,␈↓communication␈α∪with␈α∪the␈α∪user␈α∪than␈α∪with␈α∪other␈α∪BEINGs.␈α∪ The␈α∪variables␈α∪in␈α∩this
␈↓ α,␈↓sentence␈α~could␈α→be␈α~instantiated␈α~by␈α→examining␈α~the␈α→world,␈α~by␈α~asking␈α→other
␈↓ α,␈↓BEINGs, by the BEING who called this one, etc.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βWHY␈α∩␈↓␈α∩A␈α∪justification␈α∩ for␈α∩ this␈α∩ BEING's␈α∪ existence;␈α∩ why␈α∩ it␈α∪ is␈α∩called.
␈↓ α,␈↓The␈α⊃role␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α⊃caller␈α⊃to␈α⊃fill␈α⊃in␈α⊃pieces␈α⊃of␈α⊃WHY␈α⊃is␈α⊃much␈α⊃more␈α∩important␈α⊃than
␈↓ α,␈↓with the WHAT part.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βHOW␈α∀ ␈↓␈α∪ A␈α∀ summary␈α∪ of␈α∀ the␈α∪ method(s)␈α∀used␈α∪by␈α∀the␈α∪BEING␈α∀to␈α∪do␈α∀its␈α∪thing.
␈↓ α,␈↓This␈α↔is␈α↔a␈α⊗summary␈α↔of␈α↔the␈α⊗global␈α↔ strageties␈α↔ this␈α⊗ BEING␈α↔ will␈α↔try,␈α⊗ as
␈↓ α,␈↓contrasted␈α⊂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂more␈α⊂specific␈α⊂parts␈α⊂listed␈α⊂below.␈α⊂ Again,␈α⊂this␈α⊂is␈α⊂more␈α⊂for
␈↓ α,␈↓the user's benefit than for other BEINGs'.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βEFFECTS␈α∃ ␈↓␈α∃ What␈α⊗ will␈α∃ be␈α∃ true␈α⊗  after␈α∃  calling␈α∃  this␈α⊗  BEING?␈α∃ Post-
␈↓ α,␈↓conditions.␈α⊂   These␈α⊂are␈α⊂broken␈α⊂into␈α⊂main␈α⊂and␈α⊂minor␈α⊂effects,␈α⊂and␈α⊂weighted␈α⊂as
␈↓ α,␈↓to␈α∃certainty␈α∃ that␈α∃ they␈α∃ will␈α∀ occur.␈α∃    This␈α∃ part␈α∃ is␈α∃implemented␈α∀ as
␈↓ α,␈↓productions:␈α↔ all␈α↔the␈α⊗EFFECTS␈α↔parts␈α↔of␈α⊗all␈α↔the␈α↔BEINGS␈α⊗are␈α↔merged␈α↔into␈α⊗a
␈↓ α,␈↓large␈α≥production␈α≥system.␈α≥This␈α≥is␈α≤then␈α≥queried␈α≥ when␈α≥some␈α≥BEING␈α≤wants
␈↓ α,␈↓something to be true.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βWHEN␈α⊃ ␈↓␈α⊃Factors␈α⊃and␈α⊃weights␈α⊃giving␈α⊃the␈α⊃BEING's␈α⊃temporal␈α⊃immediacy.␈α⊃ This␈α⊃is
␈↓ α,␈↓implemented␈α≡as␈α≡a␈α≡perceptron.␈α≡ Although␈α≡PUP6␈α≡ should␈α≡ probably␈α≡compare
␈↓ α,␈↓descriptions␈α∪ of␈α∪"desire␈α∪to␈α∪be␈α∪in␈α∪control,"␈α∪rather␈α∪than␈α∪just␈α∪numbers,␈α∩this


␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓¬Third Draft .... October 8, 1974␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α4page A1.1␈↓ l
␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βSynthesis of Large Programs␈↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α:␈↓αBEINGS␈↓␈↓ 
Y␈↓βDoug Lenat␈↓


␈↓ α,␈↓works␈α sufficiently␈α well␈α for␈α the␈α  present.␈α  Perhaps␈α  the␈α weakness␈α of
␈↓ α,␈↓perceptrons␈α∀is␈α∀important␈α∪only␈α∀if␈α∀they␈α∪are␈α∀a␈α∀major␈α∪part␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∀program.␈α∪In
␈↓ α,␈↓our␈α∪case,␈α∪each␈α∪BEING␈α∀has␈α∪a␈α∪set␈α∪of␈α∪triples␈α∀here,␈α∪ each␈α∪of␈α∪which␈α∪is␈α∀a␈α∪BEING
␈↓ α,␈↓call.␈α∪They␈α∪must␈α∩EVALuate␈α∪to,␈α∪respectively,␈α∩T/NIL,␈α∪a␈α∪weight␈α∩(to␈α∪be␈α∪added␈α∩in
␈↓ α,␈↓if  T),  and  a  sentence  justifying  this particular factor.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βMETA-CODE␈α⊂ ␈↓␈α⊂ The␈α∂ "body"␈α⊂ of␈α⊂ the␈α∂ code,␈α⊂ but␈α⊂with␈α⊂uninstantiated␈α∂subparts.
␈↓ α,␈↓This␈α∀may␈α∪contain␈α∀goal␈α∪statements,␈α∀nondeterministic␈α∪calls␈α∀to␈α∀other␈α∪ BEINGS,
␈↓ α,␈↓uninstantiated␈α∩ pieces␈α⊃ which␈α∩ fill␈α∩ themselves␈α⊃in␈α∩by␈α⊃asking␈α∩other␈α∩parts␈α⊃of
␈↓ α,␈↓this BEING, its caller, or the user.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βCOMMENTS ␈↓ These help to fill in the META-CODE.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βREQUISITES␈α∀␈↓␈α∀Suppose␈α∀this␈α∀BEING␈α∀␈↓βis␈↓␈α∀chosen␈α∀to␈α∀ be␈α∀ in␈α∀ control.␈α∃ What␈α∀ must
␈↓ α,␈↓be␈α⊂ satisfied␈α⊂ just␈α⊂ before␈α⊂ (pre-)␈α⊂ the␈α⊂ BEING␈α⊂executes?␈α⊂ just␈α⊂after␈α⊂(post-
␈↓ α,␈↓)and␈α⊂during␈α⊂(co-)␈α⊂execution?␈α⊂This␈α⊂ is␈α⊂ really␈α⊂ three␈α⊂separate␈α⊂ BEING␈α⊂ parts.
␈↓ α,␈↓The␈α⊃satisfying␈α⊂is␈α⊃␈↓βactive␈↓,␈α⊂in␈α⊃that␈α⊂if␈α⊃the␈α⊂conditions␈α⊃aren't␈α⊂true,␈α⊃other␈α⊂BEINGs
␈↓ α,␈↓will␈α→be␈α_called␈α→to␈α_ try␈α→ to␈α→ make␈α_them␈α→ true.␈α_ (If␈α→ ␈↓βpassive␈↓,␈α→ the␈α_ BEING
␈↓ α,␈↓would  simply  fail.  The ARG-CHECK part is passive in this sense.)

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βDEMONS␈α" ␈↓␈α! Which␈α" demons␈α! should␈α" be␈α! enabled␈α" during␈α" the␈α!BEING's
␈↓ α,␈↓execution?␈α⊂They␈α⊂remain␈α⊂active␈α⊂as␈α⊂long␈α⊂as␈α⊂this␈α⊂BEING␈α⊂activation␈α⊂exists␈α⊂in␈α⊂the
␈↓ α,␈↓control tree.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βAFFECTS␈α⊂ ␈↓␈α⊂ Which␈α⊃other␈α⊂BEINGs␈α⊂might␈α⊃be␈α⊂called␈α⊂by␈α⊃this␈α⊂BEING?␈α⊂Why?␈α⊃ That␈α⊂is,
␈↓ α,␈↓which parts of this BEING want what to be done?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βCOMPLEXITY␈α"␈↓␈α#A␈α"vector␈α"describing␈α#such␈α"features␈α# as␈α" recursiveness,
␈↓ α,␈↓transparency␈α≤ to␈α≥ user,␈α≤etc.␈α≥Often␈α≤the␈α≥CHOOSE-FROM␈α≤BEING␈α≥will␈α≤compare
␈↓ α,␈↓several␈α≠BEINGs␈α≠by␈α≠a␈α≤linear␈α≠ function␈α≠ on␈α≠ this␈α≠ vector.␈α≤  The␈α≠ actual
␈↓ α,␈↓components␈α→ settled␈α~ on␈α→ were:␈α→ how␈α~easy␈α→it␈α→is␈α~to␈α→call,␈α→its␈α~chance␈α→of
␈↓ α,␈↓calling*␈α∀itself,␈α∃its␈α∀chance␈α∀of␈α∃succeeding,␈α∀the␈α∀effort␈α∃in␈α∀ trying␈α∃ it,␈α∀the
␈↓ α,␈↓efficiency␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂code␈α⊂it␈α⊂will␈α⊂generate,␈α⊂and␈α⊂ whether␈α⊂ it␈α⊂ must␈α⊂be␈α⊂inhibited
␈↓ α,␈↓absolutely at present.  All these range over [0,1].

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βSPECIALIZATIONS␈α∪␈↓␈α∪How␈α∪to␈α∪write␈α∪a␈α∪ more␈α∪ streamlined,␈α∀ special-case␈α∪version
␈↓ α,␈↓of␈α∪ this␈α∪ BEING.␈α∩    What␈α∪decisions␈α∪must␈α∩be␈α∪made,␈α∪and␈α∩how␈α∪do␈α∪they␈α∩simplify
␈↓ α,␈↓the parts of the new BEING?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βALTERNATIVES ␈↓ If this BEING fails,  what  are  some  equivalent BEINGs?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βGENERALIZATIONS  ␈↓ What are some general BEINGs, encompassing this one?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βPREDICATE␈α∩␈↓␈α∩How␈α∩many␈α∩values␈α∩does␈α∩this␈α∩BEING␈α∩return?␈α∩   What␈α∩is␈α∩the␈α∪type␈α∩of
␈↓ α,␈↓each one (numeric, logical, etc.)?  Are there side effects as well?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βDATA-STRUC␈α∩␈↓␈α∪If␈α∩it␈α∩is␈α∪ one,␈α∩ what␈α∩ must␈α∪ be␈α∩ done␈α∩ to␈α∪ initialize,␈α∩access,


␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓¬Third Draft .... October 8, 1974␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α2page A1.2␈↓ l
␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βSynthesis of Large Programs␈↓␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α:␈↓αBEINGS␈↓␈↓ 
Y␈↓βDoug Lenat␈↓


␈↓ α,␈↓insert,␈α≥ and␈α≥ delete␈α≥ elements?␈α≥  What␈α≤is␈α≥the␈α≥structure␈α≥of␈α≥a␈α≤typical
␈↓ α,␈↓element?

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βENCODABLE ␈↓ How to control writing a specialized new BEING.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βINHIBIT-CURRENT-DEMONS ␈↓ A lock/unlock mechanism.

␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓βFORM-CHANGING ␈↓ Where can this BEING return control to directly?

␈↓ α,␈↓Below␈α⊃is␈α⊃listed,␈α⊃ for␈α∩ each␈α⊃ BEING␈α⊃part,␈α⊃the␈α∩number␈α⊃of␈α⊃BEINGS␈α⊃in␈α∩PUP6␈α⊃which
␈↓ α,␈↓had␈α↔this␈α↔part␈α_specified␈α↔for␈α↔them.␈α↔ Since␈α_there␈α↔were␈α↔exactly␈α_one␈α↔hundred
␈↓ α,␈↓BEINGS,␈α∪ these␈α∪ are␈α∪also␈α∪percentages.␈α∪  On␈α∪the␈α∪average,␈α∪each␈α∪part␈α∪was␈α∩used
␈↓ α,␈↓in␈α⊂29.3%␈α⊂of␈α⊂all␈α⊂BEINGs.␈α⊂This␈α⊃is␈α⊂slightly␈α⊂unfair␈α⊂to␈α⊂PUP6,␈α⊂since␈α⊂the␈α⊃␈↓βabsence␈↓␈α⊂of
␈↓ α,␈↓some BEING parts (e.g., NLAMBDA) conveys a nontrivial bit of information.

␈↓ α,␈↓54  IDEN
␈↓ α,␈↓35  IMPLICIT:ARGS
␈↓ α,␈↓63  EXPLICIT:ARGS
␈↓ α,␈↓81  EXPLICIT:ARGS:CHECK
␈↓ α,␈↓ 4  NLAMBDA
␈↓ α,␈↓ 3  NON:EVAL:ARGS
␈↓ α,␈↓82  WHAT
␈↓ α,␈↓77  HOW
␈↓ α,␈↓72  WHY
␈↓ α,␈↓27  MAIN:EFFECTS
␈↓ α,␈↓ 2  MINOR:EFFECTS
␈↓ α,␈↓19  WHEN
␈↓ α,␈↓70  META:CODE
␈↓ α,␈↓16  COMMENTS
␈↓ α,␈↓ 6  PRE:REQUISITES
␈↓ α,␈↓ 0  CO:REQUISITES
␈↓ α,␈↓ 9  POST:REQUISITES
␈↓ α,␈↓ 7  DEMONS
␈↓ α,␈↓14  AFFECTS
␈↓ α,␈↓92  COMPLEXITY:VECTOR
␈↓ α,␈↓27  GENERALIZATIONS
␈↓ α,␈↓40  SPECIALIZATIONS
␈↓ α,␈↓16  ALTERNATIVES
␈↓ α,␈↓15  PREDICATE
␈↓ α,␈↓ 4  DATA:STRUCTURE
␈↓ α,␈↓ 9  ENCODABLE
␈↓ α,␈↓ 5  INHIBIT:CURRENT:DEMONS
␈↓ α,␈↓ 1  FORM:CHANGING






␈↓ α,␈↓␈↓¬Third Draft .... October 8, 1974␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α?␈α2page A1.3␈↓ l